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Evaluating Carbon
This presentation will offer
a critical analyzation of the
properties of GAC along with comparing operational variables and
designs for optimization.
A clean carbon surface, such as that of GAC (Granular Activated Carbon), is hydrophobic (water hating) and oleophilic (oil loving). Coupled with a surface area of over 1,000 sq. meters/gram and a pore structure that provides easy access to that surface area, GAC has all the makings of a great adsorptive media for removing dissolved organics from water.
One of the keys in using GAC is matching the properties of the GAC to the job at hand.
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Water Chemistry and the Hyperfiltration (RO) ProcessThis presentation discusses the interaction of aqueous chemistry and its interface with the membrane process commonly known as reverse osmosis. The aqueous chemistry generates the "osmosis" effect; hence, the term "reverse osmosis", but, it is also the aqueous chemistry that dictates the fine filtration characteristics of "reverse osmosis" membranes, making the term "hyperfiltration" perhaps an equally appropriate label.
Beyond the pure function of water traveling through a small pore in the filtration process, numerous
chemistry-related issues are created among those molecules that do not pass through the pore.
This presentation focuses on several common circumstances that confront the hyperfiltration process when applied to simple fresh water purification, be it surface water or ground water.
Silicate, ferric hydroxide and barium salt precipitation are critical issues that are driven by natural chemical processes or, as in the two former cases, also by biological processes. Organic chemistry problems are often created through the simple introduction of organic debris to the water purification process and the degradation of this debris by biological activity within the system.
Each of these processes are presented in detail and the means with which the water treatment professional can protect the system from on-going problems are outlined in this presentation.
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Filters and FiltrationMicroporous polymeric filters are classified according to their pore size ratings, and the popular belief is that they operate by screening out the particles that are larger than their pores. But the pore size ratings are not the pore dimensions, and there are different mechanisms of particle retention. Also, it makes a difference whether the fluid is liquid or gaseous. The several types of filters will be identified, and the conditions suiting them to practical applications will be discussed. In particular, the importance of the applied differential pressure will be stressed. The logic guiding the arrangement of a filter system will be made evident.
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Chloramines and THMsThis presentation outlines the basic chemistry behind the formation of chloramines, their activity in aqueous solutions, and describes the role chloramines play in water treatment. The chemistry of THMs (tri-halomethanes) of which chloramine usage is designed to minimize, is also outlined.
The use of chloramines is growing, driven by the need for municipalities to reduce the formation of THMs in water supplies that are heavily laden with TOC (Total Organic Carbon). These water supplies would otherwise be treated with chlorine, which reacts more readily with the naturally occurring organic compounds. The mechanisms used by chloramines to accomplish the necessary sanitation and their effectiveness will be addressed.
Finally, the impact on water treatment systems will be discussed, specifically, the negative impact chloramines can have on PA type RO membranes, and the means available to effectively protect these membranes. A case history will be presented that details the successful operation of a reverse osmosis system on Ottumwa, IA city water containing 4.5 ppm chloramines, along with results of empirical data describing the effectiveness of RO and activated carbon (AC) at removing the remaining THMs from the beverage production water.
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Filters at Point-of-Use
The FDA supports the use of filters in water systems when
the application serves a useful purpose and is properly maintained
and suitably controlled. The reason for the filter use should be
stated. FDA recognized that filters in water systems may be beneficial.
Filters in storage and distribution loops, and at points of use
are not objectionable per se, and are not GMP deviations.
However, validation under worst case conditions is required. Documented
data must support the length of ti me t he filters are used, and
the frequency of filter change-outs. Monitoring should demonstrate
that the system rema
ins under control. Adequate scientific support
should be established for the practice. Companies should be prepared
to defend their position to the FDA, which in turn is obligated
to evaluate the scientific basis for the company's position.
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High Purity PipingWith the advent of more high-tech methods of welding thermoplastic piping together, these materials are creating sanitary piping systems with two advantages: one being a greater degree of smoothness at the point of weld and the other offering a piping material tha
t is not exposed to "rouging" that is a common problem found with metallic piping systems, most notably stainless steel.
This presentation presents a close-up look at the crevice-free methodology to connect piping of PVDF, PP and other materials in a completely smooth surface. The comparison of stainless steel versus the relatively inert properties of thermoplastic piping is also explored.
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Distribution Loop DesignThis presentation will evaluate the design of a purified water distribution system and how often it takes a back-seat to front-end chemistry and biology concerns.
However, it is no small feat to move large amounts of high purity water throughout a facility, delivering it to users with little or no quality degradation.
A thorough understanding of the system's required functionality is necessary for proper overall system configuration, including issues such as use point/delivery design. The need for user specifications cannot be overstated and will be discussed, as communication failures will affect the ability of the system to meet the end users requirements.
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Understanding and Applying OzoneThis presentation will discuss the use of ozone for water treatment. The presentation will start with a basic discussion about ozone and the necessary equipment required in an ozone system.
Then specific applications including high purity water, cooling towers, and waste water treatment will be analyzed. An outline and process flow diagram for each system will be included in the applications discussion.
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cGMP ConsiderationsThis presentation will focus on key aspects of distribution design including myths and misconceptions of regulatory and cGMP compliance, sizing, layout and installation.
In addition, the importance of interaction with the treatment components and polishing will be discussed as they relate to distribution design and water quality maintenance.
Components that make up the distribution system can, and often do, impact quality and system success. The primary building blocks used in a typical distribution system will be reviewed including valves, tube, fittings, instruments, heat exchangers, and pumps, along with techniques for proper selection and specification to ensure functionality and validation ability.
Ensuring successful validation at the completion of installation is critically important to system success, hence, designing for validation will be a common thread throughout this practical and down-to-earth presentation.
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UF Hollow-fiber Membrane TechnologyThis session will review the different type of membrane used in field of water treatment. The types of membrane that will be covered are reverse osmosis, nanofiltration, ultrafiltration, and microfiltration. Membrane configurations (tube, hollow-fiber, and spiral) will be discussed.
Further into the presentation, the applications of such membranes for production of industrial water treatment that will include power, microelectronics, and pharmaceutical systems.
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